POST-FIRE ANALYSIS OF
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
by
Robert Allen Schroeder
B.S. (Oklahoma State University), 1978
M.S. (University of California, Berkeley), 1995
A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering
in the
GRADUATE DIVISION
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
Committee in charge:
Professor Robert Brady Williamson, Chair
Professor Claudia P. Ostertag
Professor Patrick J. Pagni
Spring 1999
The dissertation of Robert Allen Schroeder is approved:
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Chair Date
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Date
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Date
University of California, Berkeley
Spring 1999
POST-FIRE ANALYSIS OF
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Copyright © 1999
by
Robert Allen Schroeder
Abstract
POST-FIRE ANALYSIS OF
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
by
Robert Allen Schroeder
Doctor of Engineering
University of California, Berkeley
Professor R. Brady Williamson, Chair
The objective of this thesis is to determine and document the extent to which the fire damage in wood, concrete, and gypsum wallboard can be used to determine the time and heat flux exposure of the incipient stages of an uncontrolled fire event. A literature review outlines the state-of-the-art in three distinct areas: 1. Fire investigation; 2. The physical properties of wood, concrete, and gypsum wallboard, and 3. The fire response characteristics of those materials and their use in fire investigations. The results from quantitative experimental fire exposures of the subject materials are presented. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions with the intent to develop standards for macroscopic and microscopic states of the materials for a given heat flux exposure and temperature. Standards and procedures are introduced for field sample collection, laboratory testing of the field samples, and interpretation of results.
There are three major conclusions to be derived from this dissertation. The first two are that (1) wood and (2) concrete should not be viewed as reliable sources of information for a fire investigator to use for an analysis of how an actual fire ignited or spread. On the other hand the third major conclusion is that (3) gypsum wallboard can be considered a reliable source of information of fire behavior. The basis of each these conclusions is described in each of the chapters associated with each of the materials. One of the most important findings in this research is the use of X-ray diffraction to determine the maximum temperature reached by a sample of gypsum wallboard. Then by using the plots of isotherm progression it is possible to estimate the approximate length of exposure to a given heat flux. The use of gypsum-based post evidence is much more accurate than any available for wood or for concrete.
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Chair Date
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. R. Brady Williamson, Dissertation Chair
Uncontrolled fire has been viewed as a mystical source even by those who deal with it on a daily basis such as fire fighters and fire investigators. Professor Williamson allowed this inquisitive fire investigator an opportunity to go behind the curtain in Oz. What I learned from the professor was that fire scene analysis, one of the great black arts, was not something akin to crystal balls and levitation, but, in actuality, a complex three-dimensional puzzle a puzzle ruled by the laws of science including the physical characteristics of materials, heat transfer properties and, occasionally, chemistry; he is a physicist. Professor Williamson has unselfishly led me into the fire science chambers and welcomed me. His artful eye has shaped this research into a presentable dissertation, a task for which I was unprepared.
Dr. Patrick J. Pagni, Masters Degree Advisor, Committee Member
He is the equivalent of a Marine Corps obstacle course. Each of the required steps and efforts he presented was challenging. At times it seemed excessive, causing one stress and strain to the point of exhaustion, only to feel the exhilaration of completion and establishment of an underlying love and respect for the Ultimate Drill Sergeant.
Dr. Claudia Ostertag, Qualifying Examination Committee Chair
Her approach to the understanding of materials and their systematic dissection brought me from the macro to the micro world. Professor Ostertag encouraged me to pursue the subtle differences hidden within the gypsum X-ray diffraction plots, thus unlocking the most important findings of this research.
Dr. P.K. Mehta, Committee Member
P. K. Mehta's compassion for all and his holistic approach in examining the life experience of a material has become my mantra. His teachings transcend far beyond the complex but subtle world of concrete. As a Mehta disciple, I will be forever charged with the spirit to help and assist others in designing, placing, curing, and maintaining the optimal concrete.
Professor Robert E. Martin
He taught me the tools of fuel and gave me the opportunity to be his teaching assistant. His commitment to my future as a student at UCB truly allowed me to bridge the gap from fire investigator to Cal graduate student, a task which proved to be challenging.
Cecile Grant
Mullah, guide, editor, occasional psychologist never failing, always vigilant, a God-send for anyone, especially this graduate student.
Caroline Beam
For her ceaseless efforts to guide me through every fundamental facet of presenting my research as well as her strong shoulder during the course work years. Her attention to detail and boundless understanding of seemingly everything has taught me well.
Josh Kardon
My running partner. Josh did more than set the pace. We were a team and we were willing to go all out to set the bar as high as we could. Sunday afternoons at his dining room table, we would desperately try to out-Gerwick Professor Gerwick and his trusty TA, Jerry. Kardon and Schroeder were the two older guys who always sat together in the front row; my friends, it was not because of our hearing.
Dr. Frederick Mowrer
I thank Professor Frederick Mowrer and the Fire Protection Engineering Department at the University of Maryland for providing me access and use of their cone calorimeter. I would be amiss in not acknowledging Professor Mowrers role in my journey to UCB. During the investigation of the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel fire, in the winter of 1981, I learned of the Fire Safety Engineering Interdisciplinary Program at UCB from then-graduate student Mowrer.
RESEARCH ASSISTANCE
Mike Spearpoint, M.Eng., University of Maryland (cone calorimetry); A. Supabandit, Ph.D. Candidate; Professors Scott Cowling and Kent Voorhees of the Colorado School of Mines (X-ray diffraction); John Asselonis, concrete scientist at Schwein/Christensen Lab in Lafayette, CA (petrography); and Tim Keseluk, research engineering technician in Minneapolis.
Bill McCracken
Bill has been a key member of the UCB fire testing group since the late 1970s. His insight into the crafting of testing protocol and the execution of experiments was priceless.
Maggie Boesel
Her selfless giving of time in the creation of this tome can never be repaid. Thank you.
Crane Engineering and Forensic Services of Minneapolis, MN
I owe thanks to Crane Engineering for access to their low vacuum state of the art SEM, and especially to Jean Schlosser, Master Control.
OTHERS
Peggy Azad
Peggy provided guidance and support to overcome my recurring self-confidence issues reminding me to take small steps and that few before me had spent so much time in the trenches.
To Jim Fetterly, Gary Gordon and Robbie Williams:
For recognizing that some fire scenes couldnt be properly analyzed without the involvement of Robert Schroeder. Their commitment to my cause mirrored that of an NSF grant.
International House. Residence Hall of the Stars.
For nearly seven years, I called this fine place home. Within its massive walls I found comfort, solace, friendship, and global diversity. The life lessons learned at I-House were equally as influential as the knowledge learned in the classrooms.
To my loving and patient wife and daughter, Mary and Emily.
They endured my continual disappearances to Berkeley and the emotional tidal waves I experienced during the evolution of this document; thank you for holding on.
This acknowledgement may seem to veer more into an emotional statement than the more common, concise thank yous of other dissertations. It is. I came to Berkeley with a dream. Echoing the words of Frederick Mowrer, I wanted to truly understand this phenomenon which I had spent a career fighting fire. What I was given by the aforementioned persons, and many others, was far beyond even my wildest aspirations knowledge and recognition of how little I know, love, compassion, tolerance, a burning desire to share with others what had been shared with me, and hope for if I could fulfill such an unlikely dream, others could, too.
To you who have so deeply touched my life, I thank you.
And, finally, to my high school guidance counselor, Doug Hanson, who recommended that I go to motorcycle mechanics trade school.