THE DISSERTATION

[30] Janssens, M. L., and White, R. H. “Short Communication: Temperature Profiles in Wood Members Exposed to Fire.” Fire and Materials, 18: 263-265,(1994).

[31] Schaffer, E. L. “Charring Rate of Selected Woods — Transverse to Grain.” FPL 69, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, (1967).

[32] Zicherman, J., and Williamson, R. B. “A Macroscopic and Microscopic Investigation of Burned Wood.” Seventeenth (International) Symposium on Combusion, University of Leeds, England, (1978).

[33] Domansky, R., and Rendos, F. “On the Pyrolysis of Wood and its Components.” Holz als Ruh und Werkstoff (in German, trans. United States Forest Products Lab.), 20(12): 473-476,(1962).

[34] Lie, T. T. “Contribution of Insulation in Cavity Walls to Propagation of Fire.” Fire Study No. 29, National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, Ottawa, Canada, (1972).

[35] White, R. L., and Schaffer, E. L. “Application of CMA Program to Wood Charring.” Fire Technology, November,(1981).

[36] Tang, W. K. “Effect of Inorganic Salts on Pyrolysis of Wood, Alpha-Cellulose, and Lignin Determined by Dynamic Thermogravimetry.” Research Paper FPL 71, United States Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, (1967).

[37] McNaughton, G. C. “Ignition and Charring Temperatures of Wood.” Wood Products, 50: 21-22,(1945).

[38] DeHaan, J. D. “Chapter 5: Combustion Properties of Solid Fuels.” Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Brady Division, 49-66, (1997).

[39] . “Section 4-3: Fire Patterns.” NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation, Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 921.25, (1995).

[40] Butler, M. J., editor, and Slater, J. A., editor. “Fire Safety Research.” Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 240, (1973).

[41] O’Connor, J. J. Practical Fire and Arson Investigation, ed., New York, NY: Elsevier, (1987).

[42] . NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation, ed., Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, (1995).

[41] O’Connor, J. J. Practical Fire and Arson Investigation, ed., New York, NY: Elsevier, (1987).

[42] . NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation, ed., Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, (1995).

[43] Phillips, S. A. “How Wood Chars and What it Means to the Fire Investigator.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 38(4): 28-30,(1988).

[44] DeHaan, J. D. Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 3 ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Brady Division, (1997).

[45] Cooke, R. A., and Ide, R. H. Principles of Fire Investigation, ed., Leicester, England: The Institution of Fire Engineers, (1985).

[43] Phillips, S. A. “How Wood Chars and What it Means to the Fire Investigator.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 38(4): 28-30,(1988).

[44] DeHaan, J. D. Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 3 ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Brady Division, (1997).

[45] Cooke, R. A., and Ide, R. H. Principles of Fire Investigation, ed., Leicester, England: The Institution of Fire Engineers, (1985).

[46] Bates, E. B. Elements of Fire and Arson Investigation, ed., Santa Cruz, CA: Davis Publishing Company, (1980).

[47] . “ASTM E119-73: Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.” Annual Book of ASTM Standards: ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction, (1971).

[48] Cardoulis, J. N. “Chapter 9: Burn Patterns and Fire Behaviour.” The Art and Science of Fire Investigation, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada: Breakwater Publishing, 60-65, (1990).

[49] Malhotra, H. L. “Chapter 6: Properties of Materials.” Design of Fire-Resisting Structures, New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, 48-85, (1982).

[50] Hadvig, S., and Paulsen, O. R. “One-Dimensional Charring Rates In Wood.” Journal of Fire and Flammability, Volume 7: 433-449,(1976).

[49] Malhotra, H. L. “Chapter 6: Properties of Materials.” Design of Fire-Resisting Structures, New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, 48-85, (1982).

[50] Hadvig, S., and Paulsen, O. R. “One-Dimensional Charring Rates In Wood.” Journal of Fire and Flammability, Volume 7: 433-449,(1976).

[51] Nussbaum, R. M. “The Effect of Low Concentration Fire Retardant Impregnations on Wood Charring Rate and Char Yield.” Journal of Fire Sciences, 6,(1988).

[52] Lie, T. T. “Fire and Buildings.” , Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., London, 249-267, .

[53] Malhotra, H. L., and Rogowski, B. F. W. “Fire-Resistance of Laminated Timber Columns.” Symposium No. 3: Fire and Structural Use of Timber in Buildings,, Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, Herts, (1967).

[54] Hall, J. R., Bukowski, R., and Gomberg, A. “Analysis of electrical fire investigations in ten cities.” U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, National Technical Information Service, distributor, Washington, DC, (1983).

[55] Odeen, K. “Fire Resistance of Glued, Laminated Timber Structures.” Symposium No. 3: Fire and Structural Use of Timber in Buildings,, Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, Herts, (1967).

[56] Tenning, K. “Glued Laminated Timber Beams: Fire Tests and Experience in Practice.” Symposium No. 3: Fire and Structural Use of Timber in Buildings,, Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, Herts, (1967).

[57] Mikkola, E. “On the thermal Ignition of combustable materials.” Fire and Materials, 14,(1989).

[58] Purkiss, J. A. Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures, ed., Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heineman, (1996).

[59] DeHaan, J. D. “Chapter 7: Structure Fires and Their Investigation.” Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Brady Division, 93-153, (1997).

[60] Beall, F. C. “Thermogravimetric Analysis of Wood Lignin and Hemicelluloses.” Wood and Fiber, 1(3): 215-226,(1969).

[61] N.C. Brown Center for Ultrastructural Studies, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, .

[62] NFPA 921. “Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations.” (1992).

[63] NFPA 91. “Blower and Exhaust Systems.” (1972).

[64] Butler, C. P. “Notes on Charring Rates in Wood.” Fire Research Note No. 896, (1971).

[65] Drysdale, D. D. “Fundamentals of the Fire Behaviour of Cellular Polymers.” Fire and Cellular Polymers, J. M. Buist, S. J. Grayson, and W. D. Woolley, eds., London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 61-75, (1980).

[66] Harmathy, T. Z. Fire Safety Design and Concrete, ed., New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, (1993).

[67] Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M. Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials, 2 ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, (1993).

[68] Mitchell, L. J. “Thermal Properties: ASTM Special Publication.” Publication 169, American Society for Testing and Materials, (1956).

[69] Neville, A. M. “Durability of Concrete (Chapter 7).” Properties of Concrete, New York City, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 370-384, (1963).

[70] Mehta, P. K. Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials, ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., (1986).

[71] Becker, R., and Katz, A. “Effect of Moisture Movement on Tested Thermal Conductivity of Moist Materials.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2: 72-83,(1990).

[72] Selih, J., Sousa, A. C. M., and Bremner, T. W. “Moisture and Heat Flow in Concrete Walls Exposed to Fire.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 120(10): 2028-2043,(1994).

[73] Harada, T. “Thermal Expansion of Concrete at High Temperatures.” Architectural Institute of Japan, 46,(1953).

[74] Zoldners, N. G. “Thermal Properties Of Concrete Under Sustained Elevated Temperatures.” Temperature And Concrete, Detroit: American Concrete Institute, 1-31, (1968).

[75] Campbell-Allen, D., and Thorne, C. P. “The thermal conductivity of concrete.” Magazine of Concrete Research, 39-48, (1963).

[76] Riley, M. A. “Possible new method for the assessment of fire-damaged concrete.” Magazine of Contrete Research, 87-92, (1991).

[77] Jumppanen, U. M. “Nordic Concrete Research.” , 8: 116,(1989).

[78] Copier, W. J. “The Spalling of Normal Weight and Lightweight Concrete on Exposure to Fire.” Delft Heron, 24(2),(1979).

[79] Beland, B. “Spalling of Concrete.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 44(3): 26-31,(1993).

[80] Meyer-Ottens, C. “Abplatzversuche an Pruefkoerpern aus Beton, Stahlbeton, und Spannbeton bei verschiedenen Temperaturebeanspruchungen.” Schriftenreihe des Deutschen Ausschusses fuer Stahlbeton, Berlin, Germany, 241,(1974).

[81] Lentini, J. L. “Documented Case of Accelerant Induced Concrete Spalling.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 33(2): 30-31,(1982).

[82] Dias, W. P. S., Khoury, G. A., and Sullivan, P. J. “Mechanical Properties of Hardened Cement Paste Exposed to Temperatures up to 700 C.” ACI Materials Journal, 87(160): Chapter 6,(1990).

[83] Harmathy, T. Z., ed., Evaluation and Repair of Fire Damage to Concrete SP 92-4. Detroit, MI: American Concrete Institute, (1986).

[84] Lin, W.-M., Lin, T. D., and Powers-Couche, L. J. “Microstructures of Fire-Damaged Concrete.” ACI Materials Journal, 93(May-June): 199-205,(1996).

[85] Fruchtbaum, J. “Fire Damage to General Mills Building and Its Repair.” Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute, 37(January): 201-248,(1941).

[86] Midkiff Jr., C. R. “Spalling of Concrete as an Indicator of Arson.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 41(2): 42-45,(1990).

[87] Cruz, C. R., and Gillen, M. “Thermal Expansion of Portland Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete at High Temperatures.” Fire and Materials, 4(2),(1980).

[88] Krampf, L., and Haksever, A. “Possibilities of Assessing the Temperatures Reached by Concrete Building Elements During a Fire.” SP 92-7, American Concrete Institute, (1992).

[89] Canfield, D. V. “Causes of Spalling Concrete at Elevated Temperatures.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 34(4): 22-23,(1984).

[90] Smith, P. “Investigation and Repair of Damage to Concrete Caused by Formwork and Falsework Fire.” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 60(11): 1535-1565,(1963).

[91] Hsiung, K.-h., and Chang, W. P. “Evaluation of Residual Fire Endurance of Concrete Slabs After Fire Exposure.” Fire and Materials, 18: 201-204,(1994).

[92] . Fire Safety of Concrete Structures, Publication SP-80, ed., Detroit, MI: American Concrete Institute, (1983).

[93] Dougill, J. W. “The effects of thermal incompatibility and shrinkage on the strength of concrete.” Magazine of Concrete Research, 119-126, (1961).

[94] Green, J. K. “Some Aids to the Assessment of Fire Damage.” Concrete, 14-17, (1976).

[95] Malhotra, H. L. “The Effect of Temperature on the Compressive Strength of Concrete.” Magazine Of Concrete Research, 85-94, (1956).

[96] Smith, F. P. “Concrete Spalling: Controlled Fire Tests and Review.” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 31: 67-75,(1991).

[97] Bessey, G. E. The estimation of free calcium hydroxide in set cements, ed., London: Harrison and Sons, Ltd., in H. M. Stationery Office, (1930).

[98] Powers-Couche, L. “Fire-Damaged Concrete — Up Close.” Concrete Repair Digest, 241-242, (1992-1993).

[99] Smith, F. P., and Mitchell, J. R. “Concrete Spalling Under Controlled Conditions.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 32(2): 38-39,(1981).

[100] Tovey, A. K. “Assessment and Repair of Fire Damaged Concrete Structures: An Update.” Evaluation and Repair of Fire Damage to Concrete, T. Z. Harmathy, ed., Detroit, MI: American Concrete Institute, (1986).

[101] Short, N. R., Guise, Sarah E., and Purkiss, John A. “Assessment of Fire Damaged Concrete Using Colour Analysis.” Interflam '96, England, 927-931, (1996).

[102] Placido, F. “Thermoluminescence test for fire-damaged concrete.” Magazine Of Concrete Research, 112-116, (1980).

[103] Schneider, U. “Repairability of Fire Damaged Structures.” Fire Safety Journal, 16(Special Issue): 251-337,(1990).

[104] Midkiff, C. “Spalling: On the Trail of Arson.” Fire and Arson Investigator: 45,(1994).

[105] Cardoulis, J. N. The Art and Science of Fire Investigation, ed., St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada: Breakwater Publishing, (1990).

[106] Stickevers, J. “Flammable Liquid Interpretations of Burn Patterns.” The Fire and Arson Investigator, 33(2): 24-27,(1982).

[107] Erlin, B., Hime, W. G., and Kuenning, W. H. “Evaluating Fire Damage to Concrete Structures.” Concrete Construction, (1972).

[108] ASTM. “ASTM C 856-95: Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete.” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA: , 405-419, (1996).

[109] CRSI Committee on Fire Ratings. “Chapter 6 — Temperatures Within Reinforced Concrete Members During Fire Tests.” Reinforced Concrete Fire Resistance, Chicago: , (1980).

[110] Chew, M. Y. L. “Assessing Heated Concrete and Masonry with Thermoluminescence.” ACI Materials Journal, 85(6): 537-543,(1988).

[111] Chew, M. Y. L. “Effect of Heat Exposure Duration on the Thermoluminescence of Concrete.” ACI Materials Journal, 90(4): 319-322,(1993).

[112] Mehaffey, J. R., and Sultan, M. A. “Heat Transfer Through Wood-Stud Wall Assemblies Exposed to Fire.” Fire and Materials: First International Conference and Exhibition, Washington National Airport, U.S.A., 247-251, (1992).

[113] Elliott, C. “The Effect of Heat on Gypsum.” The Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer: 725-726,(1923).

[114] Convener, J. A. F. “Gypsum and Anhydrite and Their Products.” Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry 1972, London, England: Academic Press, (1972).

[115] Bensted, J. “Hydration of Portland Cement.” Advances in Cement Technology, S. N. Ghosh, ed., New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 307-335, (1981).

[116] Lea, F. M., and Desch, C. H. The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, ed., New York, NY: Longmans, Green & Co., (1935).

[117] Levin, E. M., Robbins, C. R., and McMurdie, H. F. Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, ed., Columbus, OH: The American Ceramic Society, (1964).

[118] Ashe, G. M., et. al. “The Use of Gypsum Wallboard as an Investigative Tool.” National Fire Academy, Emmitsburg, MD, (1983).

[119] Posey, J. E., and Posey, E. P., eds., Using Calcination of Gypsum Wallboard to Reveal Wall Patterns. IAAI, (1992).

[120] Shields, T. J. Buildings and Fire, ed., Essex, England: Longman Scientific and Technical, (1987).

[121] “Uniform Building Code.” International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, (1996).

[122] Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3 ed., New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, (1990).

[123] Harmathy, T. Z. “Chapter 8: Wood, Brick, Gypsum, Plastics.” Fire Safety Design and Concrete, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 144-158, (1993).

[124] Mehaffey, J. R., and Hisa, T. “Predicting Heat Transfer through Wood Stud Walls Exposed to Fire.” International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering, Orlando, Florida, (1995).

[125] McGraw Jr., J. R., and Mowrer, F. “Flammability and Dehydration of Painted Gypsum Wallboard Subjected to Heat Fluxes.” Working Paper,(1998).

[126] Malhotra, V. M., ed., Advances in Concrete Technology. Second Edition ed., Ottawa, Canada: Natural Resources Canada, (1994).